Nachaf is translated in a similar way i.e. yn dyvot y mwyn 'lo and behold - he saw a war-band and retinuesĬoming inside. Llyma Pryderi a Riannon 'there was Pryderi and Rhiannon' llymaĭwrwf 'suddenly there was a clap of thunder' llyma y guelei ef teuluĪc yniueroed. Voici and voila respectively) also do not translate readily into Modern English,Īnd have been rendered in a variety of ways according to the context, e.g. Such as llyma and llyna (identical in meaning to the French Him that the eagle was Lleu' sef ual yd eistedyssont 'this is how they sat'. sef a wnaeth ynteu, medylyaw y mae Lleu oed yr eryr 'It occurred to Of this element, it is translated with a variety of periphrastic constructionsĮ.g. Elsewhere, where it is appropriate to reflect the stylistic force 'Teyrnon drew a sword' sef a wnaeth Riannon, edrych arnaw 'Rhiannon staredĪt him'.
Verbal form sef ( < ys + ef ) is not readily translatable into ModernĮnglish, and is sometimes ignored, e.g. Linked by ac / a are sometimes broken up into shorter sentences. Long sentences consisting of short, independent clauses Where it occurs at the beginning of a sentence In the Medieval Welsh prose of the Mabinogi as a marker of punctuation betweenĬlauses, as much as a conjunction. Marker of direct speech, as much as a semantic value in its own right (thereĪre no inverted comas or other indicators of direct speech in Medieval WelshĪc / a (= 'and' occasionally 'but' 'with') seems to function Heb is probably best understood as a punctuative 'responded' or 'answered' is sometimes used where heb is followed by conjunctiveįorm of the pronoun. 'exclaimed' 'suggested', where appropriate. It has been translated with other synonymous or closely-related expressionsĮ.g. However, for the sake of clarity and readability, Is used throughout The Four Branches to indicate direct speech. Or clarify the sense where this is not clear. Words have occasionally been inserted to render implicit meanings in the Welsh, Readable Modern English, this has been indicated by a footnote in order to render an idiomatic phrase into (1951) for the Third and Fourth Branches. Translation of White Book text: using the Dublin Advanced Studies editionįor the First and Second Branches, and Ifor Williams' Pedeir Keinc Y Mabinogi Some of the general conclusions of this book can be found in an introduction to the Four Branches published online at the following address: Some of these notes may refer to themes discussed more fully in the book. To see the contents of this book hereĭetailed annotations on various literary, historical and linguistic aspects Will Parker: The Four Branches of the Mabinogi (Bardic Press: 2005). Four Branches is presented here, from the published study by medievalist
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